How Digital Labor Platforms Reshape the Job Landscape in Kenya

The evolution of the internet has changed our lives, both for the better and the worse. In the job landscape, for instance, many aspects of our work have slowly migrated to the digital world, enabling new employment opportunities. However, to what extent can this evolution create benefits? A report by the International Labour Organization examines the emergence of digital labor platforms in Kenya and the impacts that follow.

Digital Labor Platforms in Kenya

In this day and age, work is made easier with technology. From conference meetings to collaborative work, all can be done online and remotely worldwide. One of the concrete examples of this development is the emergence of digital labor platforms, which allow work to be assigned, conducted, and monitored through digital communication devices—think ride-hailing apps or online freelancing markets.

This is the case for Kenya, with its soaring unemployment rate. The rate doubled to 5.7% in 2021 compared to 2016, almost tripling for women. In light of technological development, Kenya’s economy has shifted from its roots in agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism to digital-based jobs. Digital labor platforms are deemed potential for creating employment opportunities, improving women’s participation in the labor force, and reducing inequalities.

However, how far do these claims stand? In a report, the International Labour Organization (ILO) explores how the expansion of digital labor platforms has reshaped Kenya’s economic landscape and affected workers’ experiences, especially women. Around 1,850 surveys were conducted between 2019 and 2023 across multiple sectors in Kenya, from domestic work and healthcare services to taxi and tutoring services.

Gaps Remain

At the time the report was made, 180 digital labor platforms and 30 e-commerce platforms were operating in Kenya. The majority of them are international platforms, and the rest are local and regional. 

The lack of other job opportunities is the primary reason workers sign up for these platforms. The report also identifies several other reasons, such as work flexibility, skill improvements, enjoyment, and better prospects for the future. For most, their work on digital labor platforms was their main source of income.

While the above findings support the claim of adding job opportunities, the report notes that substantial gaps still exist to create decent work for women. For instance, while the salary varies across sectors, women tend to earn less than men in online freelance work. The average hourly earnings range between 81 Kenyan shillings (USD 0,63) for domestic services and 252 shillings (USD 1,95) for beauty services on platforms.

Moreover, women also face the double burden as care workers, making it difficult for them to balance work and domestic responsibilities. Consequently, they are only able to put in fewer hours and get fewer salaries as well. Women also experience multiple discriminatory behaviors and harassment online that interfere with their work and cause stress. Around 54% of women who work in personal services reported having experienced gender-based discrimination.

Safe and Fair Working Conditions for All

Digital labor platforms have indeed broadened job opportunities for people in Kenya. However, the nature of the jobs is still vulnerable, with little to no protection against risks. Therefore, regulations are needed to ensure safe working conditions and fair wages for all workers. 

The report suggests several policy actions, such as establishing collective bargaining structures, developing social protection and occupational health and safety mechanisms, and establishing fair contractual terms between workers and platforms. Specifically, policies and clear guidelines are also required to address gender disparity experienced by women platform workers. 

All in all, harnessing the full potential of digital technology development must go in parallel with establishing protective systems and mechanisms to safeguard the people engaging in it.
Read the full report here.

Editor: Nazalea Kusuma

Kresentia Madina

Reporter at Green Network Asia | Website |  + postsBio

Madina is the Assistant Manager of Stakeholder Engagement at Green Network Asia. She holds a bachelor’s degree in English Studies from Universitas Indonesia. As part of the GNA In-House Team, she supports the organization's multi-stakeholder engagement across international organizations, governments, businesses, civil society, and grassroots communities through digital publications, events, capacity building, and research.

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